Biographies of the Participants

Charles C. Hileman was born in 1924 in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. After completing one year at Allegheny College, he entered the Army in July 1943. After six months in the Army Specialized Training Program, he joined the 75th Infantry Division, where he served until his discharge in December 1945. He was a Staff Sergeant Squad Leader in the European Theater from October 1944 until VE Day in May 1945, serving in the Battle of the Bulge, receiving the Combat Infantry Badge, a Bronze Star and three battle stars. In January 1946, he returned to Allegheny College. He was active in sports, was elected by the lettermen as Outstanding Athlete of 1947, earned his B.A. degree that year and later was named to Allegheny’s Athletic Hall of Fame. Mr. Hileman received his J.D. degree from The Law School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1950, where he was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. He was the law clerk for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich at the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit during 1950-51 and then a law clerk for Supreme Court Justice Harold H. Burton during the Court’s October Term 1951. In June 1952, Mr. Hileman joined the Philadelphia law firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, which then, at 25 lawyers, was one of the city’s largest law firms. By the time of his retirement on January 1, 1994, the firm had grown to more than 250 attorneys. He was a litigator throughout his career. Among his more interesting experiences was being part of the trial team that defended Philadelphia Communists in a criminal prosecution under the Smith Act in 1952 and 1953. Mr. Hileman was administrative chairman of Schnader’s Litigation Department for eight years and chairman for eight years. He was a member of the American College of Trial Lawyers, chaired its Ethics Committee for two years, was very active in the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Bar Associations, and served for eight years as an Allegheny College trustee. Charlie and Margaret Hileman, married since 1947, are parents of three and grandparents of nine. They lived in Pittsburgh for eight years following retirement and have been full time residents of Marco Island, Florida, for the past three years.

Abner J. Mikva was born in 1926 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As an undergraduate, he attended the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Washington University in St. Louis. In 1944, he joined the United States Army Air Corps, where he was a 2d Lieutenant and navigator and served until November 1945. He received his law degree from the University of Chicago, where he was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Chicago Law Review, in 1951, and he was a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Sherman Minton during the Court’s October Term 1951. After his clerkship, Mr. Mikva returned to Illinois, where he entered the practice of law, becoming a partner of future United States Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg. Mr. Mikva’s practice included extensive litigation and appellate work and he presented several constitutional cases to the Supreme Court. He started his political career in 1956 in the Illinois House of Representatives, where he served five consecutive terms. In 1968, Mikva was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He represented portions of Chicago and its suburbs, served on both the Ways and Means Committee and the Judiciary Committee and was reelected four times. In 1979, he was appointed a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Judge Mikva became chief judge of the D.C. Circuit in 1991 and continued judicial service until his retirement in September 1994. He then served as President Clinton’s White House Counsel from October 1, 1994, until November 1, 1995. Judge Mikva currently is Senior Director and Visiting Professor at the Edwin F. Mandel Legal Aid Clinic of the University of Chicago and also engages in arbitration and mediation work with JAMS, a national dispute resolution firm. Abner and Zoe Mikva, who have been married since 1948, are parents of three daughters (a judge, a lawyer and a rabbi), grandparents of seven and Chicagoans.

James C.N. Paul was born in 1926 in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. In 1943, he enlisted in the United States Navy and, after 90 days of training, was commissioned as an officer. He was posted to the Pacific Theatre, served in the amphibious forces and after two combat experiences was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant (j.g.). Returning home in 1946, he received his B.A. degree from Princeton University in 1948 and his J.D. degree from The Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, in 1951. He was one of three law clerks to Chief Justice of the United States Fred M. Vinson for two years, during both Supreme Court October Terms 1951 and 1952. Mr. Paul was a law professor at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) from 1953 until 1955 and then at the University of Pennsylvania from 1955 until 1963. In 1959, Professor Paul was awarded an Eisenhower Fellowship to study prospects for “rule of law” development in various Anglophonic countries in Sub-Sahara Africa. During 1961-63, he served as a traveling Consultant to the Peace Corps, negotiating special programs including placements of U.S. lawyers in five African countries. In 1962, he took a leave from Penn to become, at the personal invitation of the Emperor Haile Selassie, the founding Dean of Ethiopia’s first University Law School (at Haile Selassie University, which today is Addis Ababa University). In 1967, Dean Paul became first the Acting President and then the Academic Vice President of the University. In 1970, after receiving a medal from the Emperor for distinguished service, Dean Paul returned to the United States and became dean of the Rutgers University Law School in Newark. In 1975, he became Rutgers’s William J. Brennan Professor of Law, working on human rights law and development issues. During 1991-95, he served as an active consultant to the Ethiopian Constitutional Commission and a sometime consultant, on Africa Projects, to the United Nations Development Programme. After retiring from Rutgers in 1996, Professor Paul made many trips during the next five years to Ethiopia and other African counties, including post-genocide Rwanda, on missions for The Carter Center. In 2001, he became Ethiopia’s nominee to sit on the International Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission at The Hague, an international tribunal that arbitrates war claims arising from their 1998-2000 war, and he still serves in that capacity. He has authored or co-authored 5 books—most of them on “human rights-based approaches to human development”—plus the usual assortment of law review articles. Jim and Peggy Paul, married in 1948, are parents of three, grandparents of seven and great-grandparents of one and reside in eastern Maryland.

Neal Person Rutledge was born in 1927 in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Justice Wiley B. Rutledge, Jr., President Franklin Roosevelt’s final appointee to the Supreme Court. After attending Haverford College for one year, Neal Rutledge served in the Marine Corps from 1945 to 1946. He received his B.A. degree from Harvard University in 1947 and his J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1950. He clerked for Judge Charles Fahy at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit during 1950-51 and was a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black during the Court’s October Term 1951. After serving with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Los Alamos, New Mexico, from 1952 to 1953, Mr. Rutledge entered private practice in Miami with Claude Pepper Law Offices. He continued to practice in Miami with Faircloth & Rutledge, and then with Rutledge & Milledge, trying civil and criminal cases in over half of the states and teaching tort law as an adjunct professor at the University of Miami School of Law. From 1970 to 1973, Mr. Rutledge taught law full-time at Duke University Law School and as an adjunct at North Carolina Central Law School, an historically black college. He resumed law practice in 1974 as Of Counsel with Wald, Harkrader & Ross in Washington, D.C., handling principally federal antitrust trials. He also litigated Green v. American Tobacco, which produced the first judicial finding in the United States that smoking cigarettes caused lung cancer. During his career, Mr. Rutledge argued approximately 10 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. He has lived in semi-retirement in Washington since 1980. Mr. Rutledge, married for 52 years until his wife Catherine died in 2000, has five children and four grandchildren.

Marshall L. Small was born in 1927 in Kansas City, Missouri. He received his A.B. degree from Stanford University in 1949 and his J.D. degree from Stanford Law School, where he was Note Editor of the Stanford Law Review, in 1951. He was the sole law clerk to Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas during the Court’s October Term 1951. From 1952 to 1954, Mr. Small served on active duty as a 1st Lieutenant in the Office of the Judge Advocate General, Department of the Army, in Washington, D.C. Following a brief period on the Stanford Law School faculty as an Acting Assistant Professor of Law, he associated with Morrison & Foerster in 1954 and was a partner of the firm from 1961 through 1992, including stints as managing partner (1971-76) and chair of the firm (1982-84). Since 1993, he has been Senior Of Counsel to the firm, which during his career has grown from 23 lawyers in San Francisco to over 1,000 lawyers in 19 offices throughout the world, and for the past 10 years he has been the firm’s General Counsel. Mr. Small has been engaged in a diversified business practice, which includes counseling boards of directors, serving as special counsel to board committees, and handling compensation arrangements, corporate and other public disclosure matters, and securities law matters. He is a member of the American Law Institute and a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation and served as a Reporter for the ALI’s Corporate Governance Project from 1982 through its completion in 1993. Mr. Small also is a member of the American Bar Association’s Business Law Section and has served on its Committee on Corporate Laws. He also has lectured and written extensively in the fields of corporate and securities law. Marshall and Mary Small, married in 1954, have two children and one grandson and live in San Francisco.